Rats fed a high-fructose diet represent an animal model for insulin resistance and hypertension. We recently showed that a high-fructose diet containing vegetable oil but a normal sodium/potassium ratio induced mild insulin resistance with decreased insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation in the liver and muscle of normal rats. In the present study, we examined the mean blood pressure, serum lipid levels and insulin sensitivity by estimating in vivo insulin activity using the 15-min intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT, 0.5 ml of 6 µg insulin, iv) followed by calculation of the rate constant for plasma glucose disappearance (Kitt) in male Wistar-Hannover rats (110-130 g) randomly divided into four diet groups: control, 1:3 sodium/potassium ratio (R Na:K) diet (C 1:3 R Na:K); control, 1:1 sodium/potassium ratio diet (CNa 1:1 R Na:K); high-fructose, 1:3 sodium/potassium ratio diet (F 1:3 R Na:K), and high-fructose, 1:1 sodium/potassium ratio diet (FNa 1:1 R Na:K) for 28 days. The change in R Na:K for the control and high-fructose diets had no effect on insulin sensitivity measured by ITT. In contrast, the 1:1 R Na:K increased blood pressure in rats receiving the control and high-fructose diets from 117 ± 3 and 118 ± 3 mmHg to 141 ± 4 and 132 ± 4 mmHg (P<0.05), respectively. Triacylglycerol levels were higher in both groups treated with a high-fructose diet when compared to controls (C 1:3 R Na:K: 1.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l vs F 1:3 R Na:K: 2.3 ± 0.4 mmol/l and CNa 1:1 R Na:K: 1.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l vs FNa 1:1 R Na:K: 2.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, P<0.05). These data suggest that fructose alone does not induce hyperinsulinemia or hypertension in rats fed a normal R Na:K diet, whereas an elevation of sodium in the diet may contribute to the elevated blood pressure in this animal model.

Insulin stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity of its receptor resulting in the tyrosine phosphorylation of pp185, which contains insulin receptor substrates IRS-1 and IRS-2. These early steps in insulin action are essential for the metabolic effects of insulin. Feeding animals a high-fructose diet results in insulin resistance. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. In the present study, we determined the levels and phosphorylation status of the insulin receptor and pp185 (IRS-1/2) in liver and muscle of rats submitted to a high-fructose diet evaluated by immunoblotting with specific antibodies. Feeding fructose (28 days) induced a discrete insulin resistance, as demonstrated by the insulin tolerance test. Plasma glucose and serum insulin and cholesterol levels of the two groups of rats, fructose-fed and control, were similar, whereas plasma triacylglycerol concentration was significantly increased in the rats submitted to the fructose diet (P<0.05). There were no changes in insulin receptor concentration in the liver or muscle of either group. However, insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation was reduced to 72 ± 4% (P<0.05) in the liver of high-fructose rats. The IRS-1 protein levels were similar in both liver and muscle of the two groups of rats. In contrast, there was a significant decrease in insulin-induced pp185 (IRS-1/2) phosphorylation, to 83 ± 5% (P<0.05) in liver and to 77 ± 4% (P<0.05) in muscle of the high-fructose rats. These data suggest that changes in the early steps of insulin signal transduction may have an important role in the insulin resistance induced by high-fructose feeding.

Foi estudada a viabilidade de consumo da cultivar de soja IAC PL-1 enlatada como grão verde e sua melhor época de colheita para enlatamento. Para tanto procederam-se cinco colheitas a partir do 48º dia após a floração (DAF) até a extinção da coloração verde. O processamento iniciou-se pelo branqueamento das vagens, debulha e enlatamento. Aos cinco lotes obtidos adicionou-se um sexto lote para estudar o efeito do armazenamento. Para qualificar os seis lotes de grãos enlatados foram efetuadas medidas de peso, cor, textura e características do líquido de enlatamento. Foram realizados estudos das propriedades sensoriais dos grãos enlatados para dimensionar a aceitação pela degustação e aparência. O enlatamento foi otimizado para 121ºC com tempo de esterilização em torno de 4 minutos. A maturidade fisiológica dos grãos ocorreu entre o 61º ao 64º DAF. O processo térmico conservou a cor verde dos grãos enlatados e não induziu perda expressiva da massa dos grãos; a textura firme dos grãos aumentou com a maturação. Os provadores demonstraram boa aceitação dos produtos e não ocorreu preferência em relação aos estádios de maturação. O trabalho conclui que grãos verdes de soja IAC PL-1 proporcionam enlatados com boas características técnicas e gustativas. Foi observado que grãos colhidos no ponto convencional de maturação, armazenados e enlatados obtiveram boa aceitação gustativa, concluindo-se que a cultivar IAC PL-1 é também adequada para o consumo e enlatada após o armazenamento.

It was investigated the consumption possibility of the soybean cultivar IAC PL-1 canned as green grain and its best harvest time for canning. Five harvests were processed from the 48th day after flowering (DAF) until extinction of the green coloration. The canning procedure started by pod bleaching, dehulling and canning. To the five lots obtained, a sixth lot was added to study the effect of storage. To qualify the six lots of canned grains, measures of weight, color, texture were done, as well as characteristics of canning liquid. Studies of the sensorial properties of canned grains to dimensionate both acceptance and aspect was performed. Canning was optimized to 121ºC with sterilization time around four minutes. Grains physiological maturity took place between 61st to 64th DAF. The heat process conserved the green color of canned grains and did not induce significant loss of the mass of grains; the firm texture of grains increased with maturation. The tasters showed good acceptance of the products and there was no preference concerning the maturation stages. The work concluded that green grains of soybean IAC PL-1 provide canned products with very good technical and taste characteristics. It was found that grains harvested at the conventional maturation point stored and canned obtained good taste acceptance, following that the cultivar IAC PL-1 is also suitable to consumption canned after storage.

O objetivo deste trabalho é viabilizar a introdução do guandu verde enlatado no mercado brasileiro. Foram realizadas três colheitas de grãos ainda verdes da cultivar IAC Fava Larga obtidos no 44º, 57º e 62º dia após a floração (DAF) e finalmente no 92º DAF, quando os grãos já possuíam cor pardo-amarelada. Para todos os lotes, após otimização das condições de enlatamento, 121ºC durante 5 a 6 minutos, efetuaram-se estudos quanto ao acúmulo de matéria seca, composição dos grãos, cor, textura e aceitação sensorial. Conclui-se, através do acúmulo de matéria seca do grão, que a maturidade fisiológica ocorreu em torno do 62º DAF, quando também apresentou as melhores características para o enlatamento. As cores dos grãos pós-enlatamento, vermelha e amarela (unidades Lab Hunter) apresentaram estáveis até o 62º DAF. A textura foi gradativamente mais firme com o avanço do amadurecimento tendo verificado correlação positiva (r = 0,96) entre medidas de texturas sensorial e instrumental. A aceitação do guandu enlatado cultivar IAC Fava Larga foi apenas regular.

The objective of this work is to enable the introduction of canned green pigeon pea in Brazilian market. Three harvests of still green grains of the cultivar IAC Fava Larga, obtained on the 44th, 57th and 62nd days after flowering, DAF, and finally on the 92nd DAF when the grains already possessed yellowish dusky color, were undertaken. To all the lots, after optimization of canning conditions, 121ºC for 5 to 6 minutes, studies concerning the accumulation of dry matter, grain composition, color, texture and sensorial acceptance were carried out. It was concluded through the accumulation of dry matter of the grain, that the physiological maturity occurred around the 62nd DAF. The texture was gradually firmer with advancing maturation, and positive correlation having been found (r = 0,96) between sensorial and instrumental texture measures was noticed. The acceptance of the canned pigeon pea cultivar IAC Fava Larga was only regular.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a composição química e aspectos bioquímicos dos grãos de soja cultivar IAC PL-1 e de guandu cultivar IAC Fava Larga, crus e pós-enlatamento em diferentes estádios de maturação avaliando os efeitos do processamento sobre os grãos dos dois cultivares. A composição química dos grãos crus , principalmente no último estádio verde, e na maturação de colheita foi de modo geral semelhante. O enlatamento conservou 95% e 98% do total das proteínas dos grãos de soja e guandu, respectivamente. Nos enlatados de soja obteve-se a inativação da atividade de lectinas. Os processamentos térmicos utilizados para os enlatamentos, 121ºC por 6 a 7 minutos para a soja e 5 a 6 minutos para o guandu foram suficientes para eliminar 83% da atividade dos inibidores de tripsina da soja e do guandu. A digestibilidade da proteína do guandu enlatado (62%) foi inferior em relação à soja enlatada (78%). Com exceção do ácido glutâmico, prolina, lisina e histidina, os demais aminoácidos do grão de soja enlatado colhido no 64º DAF tiveram seus conteúdos iguais aos enlatados do 85º DAF pós-armazenados e pós-macerados. Os teores de aminoácidos dos grãos de guandu enlatados no 62º DAF, com exceção do ácido glutâmico e fenilalanina, foram iguais àqueles presentes na última colheita (92º DAF). A metionina disponível no grão de soja não se modificou com a evolução da maturação, porém a do guandu se elevou no 92º DAF e o processo de enlatamento reduziu a metionina disponível da soja apenas no 55º e 64º DAF e do guandu no 57º e 92º DAF. Rafinose e estaquiose nos grãos de soja estão mais elevadas no estádio verde, e nos grãos de guandu, apenas a estaquiose está mais elevada no estádio verde. O processo de enlatamento provocou um pequeno decréscimo nestes dois açúcares da soja e guandu nos dois últimos estádios de maturação estudados.

This work intended to study the chemical composition and biochemical aspects of soybean grains, cultivar IAC PL-1 and pigeon pea cultivar IAC Fava Larga, both raw and post-canning at different maturation stages, evaluating the effects of the processing caused on the grain. The chemical composition of the raw grains, mainly in the last green stage and in the harvest maturation it was in general similar. The canning of soybean conserved by 95% and pigeon pea by 98% the whole protein content of grains. In soybean canned products, inactivation of the activity of lectins was obtained. The heat processings utilized for the cannings, 121ºC for 6 to 7 minutes for soybean and 5 to 6 minutes for pigeon pea, were enough to remove 83% the activity of soybean and pigeon pea trypsine inhibitors. The in vitro digestibility of the canned pigeon pea protein was lower (62%) relative to canned soybean (78%). With exception of glutamic acid, proline, lysine and histidine, the other amino acids of the canned soybean grain harvested on the 64th DAF had their contents equal to those canned on the 85th DAF post stored and post-soaking. The amino acid of the pigeon pea grains canned on the 62nd DAF, with exception of glutamic acid and phenilalanine, were equal to those amino acids present at the last harvest (92nd DAF). The available methionine in soybean grain did’t change with the evolution of the maturation, but that of pigeon pea rose at the 92nd DAF and the canning process decreased the available methionine of the soybean at 55th and 64th and pigeon pea at 57th and 92nd DAF. Both raffinose and stachyose in soybean grains are higher in green stages and in pigeon pea grains only stachyose is higher in green stage. The canning process caused a small reduction in these two sugars of soybean and pigeon pea in the last two studied maturation stages.